Symptoms of Low Testosterone in Women

Table Of Content

• Medical Professionals
• How do trees and green spaces enhance our health?
• Scalp infections
• Adderall side effects in females
• How Does Testosterone Affect Hair Loss in Males?
• Low dose testosterone in gender affirming care for females

Conditions that affect how your hypothalamus and/or pituitary gland cause secondary hypogonadism. This is known as hypogonadotropic hypogonadism because there are low levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Those low levels cause decreased testosterone and sperm production. Testosterone levels in adults AMAB naturally decline as they age. This includes cisgender men, non-binary people AMAB and transgender women who aren’t undergoing feminizing hormone therapy.

Medical Professionals

According to the American Academy of Dermatology, it’s completely normal to shed anywhere between 50 to 100 strands of hair per day. However, if you’ve noticed more strands falling out of your head than normal, you may be experiencing alopecia, the medical term for hair loss. Common diagnoses include androgenetic alopecia, alopecia areata, telogen effluvium, and lymphocytic scarring alopecia, Agbai tells USA TODAY. Testosterone is the hormone most responsible for sex drives and high libidos in men. One of the biggest worries faced by men with declining testosterone levels is the chance that their sexual desire and performance will be affected. One study discovered testosterone levels were mildly higher in men after a three-week period of abstinence.

How do trees and green spaces enhance our health?

The hair within a follicle typically goes through a growth cycle that lasts about two to six years. Even if you shave or cut your hair, the same hair will grow back out of the follicle from the root of the hair contained within the follicle. If you’re a weed smoker worried about your hormone levels, you may want to reconsider using the recreational drug. About 15% of men with fertility problems have low testosterone levels.

Scalp infections

Raising your testosterone levels won’t magically stop balding or cause your hair to grow back. Healthcare providers can use a blood test to measure the amount of androgen hormones in your blood. But changing hormone levels can make it difficult to accurately identify an androgen deficiency. The normal range for testosterone in women and people AFAB is 15 to 70 ng/dL, but where you fall within that range may depend on your age and other health factors. There are conflicting studies concerning the effect of smoking on testosterone levels. A 2021 study from Egypt demonstrated that serum testosterone levels among smokers were significantly lower compared with nonsmokers.

Adderall side effects in females

Deficiencies in B vitamins, especially B-6 or B-12, can cause a number of symptoms, including thinning hair or hair loss. Finasteride binds to 5-AR proteins to block DHT from binding with them. This helps keep DHT from binding to receptors on your hair follicles and keeps them from shrinking.

The size and shape of your head may also contribute to how quickly DHT shrinks your follicles. If you’re considering TRT, we HIGHLY recommend contacting a reputable online TRT provider like Fountain TRT. In people with fertility problems, low testosterone may be a symptom of a testicular function issue causing infertility rather than a cause of infertility itself. Most people will notice relief from symptoms within 3–60 weeks of starting TRT. In some cases, people with a deficiency of the hormone develop gynecomastia, which causes an enlargement of the breasts. The complications of untreated hypogonadism differ depending on when it develops — during fetal development, puberty or adulthood.

Could low-fat diets reduce testosterone levels in men? - Medical News Today

Could low-fat diets reduce testosterone levels in men?.

Posted: Wed, 22 Jan 2020 08:00:00 GMT [source]

However, not every man with high testosterone levels will experience hair loss. In conclusion, the relationship between hair loss and testosterone levels is complex and not fully understood. It is worth noting that the evidence on the relationship between hair loss and testosterone levels is mixed and inconclusive.

Male pattern baldness, or androgenic alopecia, affects an estimated 50 million men and 30 million women in the United States, according to the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Hair loss is due to the shrinkage of hair follicles and the resulting impact on the growth cycle. New hairs become finer and finer until there’s no hair left at all and the follicles become dormant. Your ovaries, adrenal glands and other tissues and cells produce testosterone.

Reduced cognitive function and other symptoms

In these cases, your healthcare provider may recommend treatment such as testosterone replacement therapy (TRT). Hormonal imbalance occurs when the body decreases the production of specific hormones necessary to regulate how our bodies function, leading to physical issues like weight gain and sexual dysfunction. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) can help restore and maintain a man’s hormonal balance by utilizing natural or synthetic hormones to replenish the loss of hormones naturally produced by the human body. Commonly referred to as male pattern baldness (MPB), androgenic alopecia can occur in both men and women as early as their teens. Typically, MPB begins when the hairline starts to recede, and the hair gradually disappears from the crown and frontal scalp. It is possible to reverse hair loss caused by low testosterone with proper treatment.

Primary hypogonadism refers to a testicular injury or malfunction of some kind that causes a disruption of your testicles’ ability to produce testosterone. These causes can be genetic or acquired later in life through viral or bacterial infections, direct injuries or by other means like chemotherapy or radiation. The four- to eight-hour procedure involves removing healthy hairs from your scalp and transplanting them into a thinning area, explains the AAD. It’s well known as a potentially beneficial treatment for an enlarged prostate and prostatitis due to its DHT-blocking ability. Because of this, it’s also thought to be a possible treatment for DHT-related hair loss, too.

Hair loss related to androgenetic alopecia occurs in patients with a family history of male pattern baldness due to an increased sensitivity of hair follicles to the hormone DHT. As DHT binds to the hair follicle, it becomes weaker and thinner, ultimately causing the hair to fall out and the hairline to recede. DHT is produced when testosterone binds to the 5-alpha reductase enzyme, and higher testosterone levels often lead to higher levels of DHT. As such, low testosterone levels are not directly related to hair loss. Patients experiencing low testosterone levels may find Low T affects many aspects of their lives.

Men on hair-loss drug warned of sexual and psychiatric side effects

They can identify the underlying cause of hair loss and recommend suitable treatment options. According to Agbai, genetics, hormonal shifts, stress, underlying medical conditions, nutritional deficiencies, and scalp inflammation are notable factors. Understanding the underlying cause of your hair loss is absolutely necessary in determining the best approach to halt and reverse any further damage to your hair and scalp.

What? Another medical form to fill out?

DHT is formed when the enzyme 5-alpha reductase converts testosterone to DHT. “Primary testicular failure is typically due to a problem within the testicles itself,” says Dr. Hakim. Hone-affiliated medical practices are independently owned and operated by licensed physicians who provide services using the Hone telehealth platform. For more information about the relationship between Hone and the medical practices click here. Finasteride (Proscar, Propecia) is an oral, prescription-only medication. It’s documented as having at least an 87 percent success rate in one 2012 study on 3,177 men, with few noted side effects.

Sex Hormones And COVID-19: Does it Explain Men’s Risk of More Severe Illness? - Hartford Hospital

Sex Hormones And COVID-19: Does it Explain Men’s Risk of More Severe Illness?.

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Can low dose testosterone help treat low libido in females?

There's a link between testosterone therapy and male-pattern balding. Your doctor can talk to you about any side effects of testosterone treatment. Low testosterone is diagnosed by measuring testosterone levels with a blood test.

What should a woman’s testosterone level be?

So rest easy knowing it won’t harm your testosterone levels in any way. If your receptors are highly sensitive, even small amounts of DHT can easily trigger them, leading to increased hair loss. Higher levels of DHT can cause the hair to fall out faster, prolong the growth cycle, and grow in shorter and thinner, according to the National Library of Medicine. The Rock, Vin Diesel, and Jason Statham make bald look good, but plenty of guys are worried about hair loss—and whether levels of testosterone plays a role.

It’s not the amount of testosterone or DHT that causes baldness; it’s the sensitivity of your hair follicles. The AR gene makes the receptor on hair follicles that interact with testosterone and DHT. If your receptors are particularly sensitive, they are more easily triggered by even small amounts of DHT, and hair loss occurs more easily as a result.

Providers also take symptoms into consideration when diagnosing low testosterone. Your body usually tightly controls the levels of testosterone in your blood. Levels are typically highest in the morning and decline through the day. Be sure to work large groups of muscles when you exercise and do some weight lifting, too. Because testosterone helps build muscle, when it gets low, so does your muscle mass and strength. When you work out you don't see the results that you would normally expect from exercise.

Sometimes in primary hypogonadism testosterone levels are within the normal range and gonadotropins are high. Your specialist will help you understand if you need treatment, even with normal testosterone levels. If you have symptoms such as reduced sex drive or erection problems, you should see your healthcare provider.

Fetal development

Some people are more susceptible to these effects of DHT on scalp hair based on variations in their androgen receptor (AR) gene. Androgen receptors are proteins that allow hormones like testosterone and DHT to bind to them. This binding activity typically results in normal hormonal processes like body hair growth. Testosterone supplements can be prescribed for patients experiencing low levels of testosterone and can take the form of injections, a gel, patches, or pellets surgically implanted under the skin.

There are several forms of the androgen, or male sex hormone, testosterone, that are found in the body. People assigned male at birth have higher levels of testosterone naturally than those assigned female at birth, though everyone has some form of testosterone in the body. One type of testosterone is called “free testosterone” and is not bound to a particular protein.

In conclusion, while testosterone itself does not directly cause hair loss, its derivative DHT has been linked to hair loss in individuals with a genetic predisposition to androgenetic alopecia. Men with higher testosterone levels tend to have higher levels of DHT, so it can be argued that higher testosterone levels “indirectly” cause hair loss. Maybe you’ve been considering a vasectomy but haven’t quite finalized your decision yet because you’re worried about the side effects. Or maybe you’ve already been snipped and you’re wondering What if my vasectomy caused my decrease in low testosterone? Wherever you are on that journey to understanding the ins and outs of this simple and potentially reversible procedure, you should know that a vasectomy doesn’t impact your testosterone levels at all. Either way you look at it, there is no proven, scientific evidence of long-term negative effects on testosterone levels from masturbation or sexual activity.

In both males and females, low testosterone can lead to lower bone mass and reduced sex drive. Testosterone is a hormone that can affect appearance and sexual development, stimulate sperm production and sex drive, and help build muscle and bone mass. It is typically produced by the testicles in people assigned male at birth. While testosterone and hair loss isn’t always directly related, there are some correlations between the two, which is why testosterone replacement therapy has become such a popular solution for many men. The first thing to remember is that many times, low testosterone impacts body hair on the chest, arms, legs or around the face, not as much the hair on top of the head.

A person can also take certain supplements to help slow hair loss. However, it is important to discuss supplements with a doctor, as receiving too much of certain nutrients can accelerate hair loss. According to Healthline, other common types of alopecia include traction alopecia, telogen effluvium, alopecia areata, central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia (CCCA), and lichen planopilaris (LPP). The first step to finding out if you have low testosterone is to discuss your symptoms with a knowledgeable medical provider. It would be highly unusual for a mild, subclinical thyroid imbalance to cause this type of diffuse hair loss.

How Testosterone Affects Your Lifespan and Health - Men's Health

How Testosterone Affects Your Lifespan and Health.

Posted: Tue, 28 Mar 2023 07:00:00 GMT [source]

If you are starting to go bald as you age, it can have a serious impact on your look and your confidence. There are many causes of balding and many rumors as to why this balding occurs in the first place. One of the most common questions that men tend to have about their thinning hair is whether or not low T or low testosterone has anything to do with this change. An enlarged prostate is a common condition in men over the age of 50, affecting as many as three million, although many will not realise or need treatment until symptoms, such as frequent urination, develop.

There’s “free” testosterone that isn’t bound to proteins in your body. This is the form of testosterone most available to act within the body. Symptoms of low testosterone can vary considerably, particularly by age.

In people with fewer androgen receptors, a high testosterone or DHT level may not cause hair loss. Scientists believe that some people inherit a variant of the androgen receptor (AR) gene that is more susceptible to the effects of testosterone and DHT on their scalp hair. “Testosterone can contribute to hair loss, particularly through its more potent form, dihydrotestosterone (DHT),” says Hannah Kopelman MD, a dermatologist at Kopelman Hair Restoration in New York, New York. “Testosterone is converted into DHT by the enzyme 5-alpha-reductase,” Dr. Kopelman explains. “This occurs in various tissues, including the scalp.” DHT plays a role in regulating the hair growth cycle and, in some individuals, can contribute to the shortening of the anagen phase.

Opinion Marjorie Taylor Greene Has Reached the Outer Limit of Extremism The New York Times

Table Of Content

• There's been a history of hard landings
• Who is Mike Johnson?
• National Politics
• Who is Mike Johnson, the newly elected House speaker?
• Louisiana House of Representatives
• Privacy rights

Gaetz called him "MAGA Mike Johnson" in an appearance Wednesday on right-wing host Steve Bannon's podcast. A spokesperson for the Human Rights Campaign, an LGBTQ rights group, labeled Johnson “Jim Jordan with a jacket and a smile,” referring to the right-wing firebrand from Ohio who chairs the House Judiciary Committee. Last month, Johnson was among 93 Republicans who voted for an amendment by Rep. Matt Gaetz, R-Fla., to cut off U.S. military assistance for Ukraine. U.S. Rep. Mike Johnson, R-Benton, shakes hands with Rep. Kevin McCarthy, R-Calif., before Republicans try to elect Johnson to be the new House speaker, at the Capitol in Washington, Wednesday, Oct. 25, 2023. Here are five things to know about Mike Johnson and his views on views on Ukraine, former president Donald Trump and the 2020 election. Representative Steve Scalise of Louisiana, the No. 2 House Republican and the first to be nominated for speaker following Mr. McCarthy’s ouster, was ultimately seen as insufficiently pro-Trump by too many of his colleagues.

There's been a history of hard landings

He continued to act as one of Trump’s chief defenders through the 2020 election, rallying colleagues to sign a letter of support for an unsuccessful case by several states to throw out some election results. Colleagues say the deeply religious Louisiana Republican who calls himself a “servant” will be a steady hand and give them a fresh start. Many hope they will finally be able to move past the seemingly intractable divisions within their conference that have felled every House GOP leader in the past decade. Johnson, 51, is a vocal supporter of former President Donald Trump, who backed him for the post. The new speaker has his work cut out amid infighting in his Republican party. Mike Johnson, a relatively lesser-known Republican from Louisiana, has taken the gavel as the new speaker of the US House of Representatives, ending three weeks of political chaos.

Who is Mike Johnson?

McCarthy was in the House for 16 years before he was elected speaker, Pelosi had 20 years of experience, Paul Ryan served for 16 years, and John Boehner had 20 years before he ascended to the top job. Critics have dubbed it a federal "don't say gay" measure and argued that it's aimed at barring references to LGBTQ people. The little-known congressman was first elected in 2016, representing a solidly Republican part of north and western Louisiana.

Who is Patrick McHenry, the House speaker pro tempore? - CBS News

Who is Patrick McHenry, the House speaker pro tempore?.

Posted: Wed, 04 Oct 2023 07:00:00 GMT [source]

National Politics

In these MAGAtastic times, the humbled Ms. Greene could rebound faster than you can say “total presidential immunity.” But for now, her flapping and flailing are satisfying to behold. Could this show of spine by non-winger Republicans last more than a hot second? Maybe Mr. Johnson is recognizing that his responsibilities as the head of the people’s house go beyond serving his trolliest, most obstructionist members. And maybe, unlike Mr. McCarthy, who never exhibited signs of possessing a moral core, Mr. Johnson is serious about trying to do “the right thing” — by which he does not simply mean whatever Mr. Trump tells him to do. I may be off base here, Marjo, but trashing your colleagues as no better than the other side in a high-stakes election year is not the best way to win them over to your kamikaze mission.

In Biden’s first two years, Johnson voted against a slew of bipartisan bills — including one to establish a Jan. 6 independent commission, the infrastructure law, reauthorization of the Violence Against Women Act, a modest new gun law and the CHIPS and Science Act. In the Trump presidency, Johnson argued that then-Speaker Nancy Pelosi's move to rip up a copy of his State of the Union speech was a crime. “A lot of people have been talking about this the last 48 hours, and I did a little legal memo to point out to my colleagues that she actually committed a felony,” Johnson said on Fox News at the time.

He's made more than $120,000 moonlighting as a professor at Liberty University, an evangelical college

After the Supreme Court voted to overturn Roe v. Wade in June last year, he celebrated. The views are sharply at odds with those of most Americans, according to opinion polls that have found the public is broadly supportive of gay rights. Mr. Johnson’s abrupt rise to the speaker post this week in the depressed and divided House Republican conference underscores the rightward lurch of the G.O.P., which dumped his more mainstream predecessor, Representative Kevin McCarthy of California.

Who is Mike Johnson, the newly elected House speaker?

The order responds to the February 1, 2021, coup in Burma by targeting the military and its leaders, their business interests, and their close family members. The Louisiana Republican was first elected to the House in 2016 and serves as vice chairman of the House Republican Conference, as well as GOP deputy whip, an assistant leadership role. An attorney with a focus on constitutional law, Johnson joined a group of House Republicans in voting to sustain the objection to electoral votes on January 6, 2021. During Trump’s first impeachment trial in January 2020, Johnson, along with a group of other GOP lawmakers, served a largely ceremonial role in Trump’s Senate impeachment team. Johnson's political career began when he was elected to the Louisiana House of Representatives in 2015; he served in that body until 2017.

Louisiana House of Representatives

Rep. Elise Stefanik, the GOP conference chair, pressed the administrators at the hearing on how they have handled antisemitic incidents on their campuses. The Georgia conservative filed a measure calling for a vote to oust Johnson, known as a motion to vacate the chair, roughly 40 days ago. Greene would have to declare her resolution as "privileged" on the House floor to force leaders to take it up within two legislative days, which she indicated she would do next week. But this time around several Democrats have indicated they would cross the aisle to support Johnson and frustrate Greene & Co. if it came to a vote.

Nicholas Longworth, speaker of the House, holds a gun once owned by famous outlaw Jesse James on Jan. 23, 1930. Even a glance at the history of Republican speakers since World War II would tell him that. Johnson joined the speakership race in a Saturday post on X, formerly known as Twitter. Johnson serves on the Judiciary Committee and the Armed Services Committee.

Like Johnson an era later, Hastert was a relatively quiet member of the leadership who enjoyed goodwill generally in the rank and file. Hastert was speaker through the last two Clinton years and first six of the George W. Bush presidency. But he voluntarily resigned after the GOP lost badly in the 2006 midterms, a defeat Bush called "a thumpin' " at the time.

On Wednesday, Mr. Johnson was toiling to help Republicans turn the page from the chaos of the past few weeks. He said there would be none of the typical celebrations that accompany the election of a new speaker. Representative Jim Jordan of Ohio, a founder of the hard-right House Freedom Caucus and someone Mr. Johnson has described as a mentor, was the next member to be elected speaker designate in a secret ballot. He had Mr. Trump and the far right in his corner, but ultimately failed to win over more centrist members of his party who steadfastly refused to support him. Mr. Johnson was only able to emerge as his party’s nominee for speaker this week after three other G.O.P. nominees before him were unable to rally enough support.

House of Representatives sparked a chaotic search for a replacement, Louisiana Representative Mike Johnson finally assumed the gavel on Wednesday. That would have been before Hamas attacked Israel on Oct. 7, spurring the sustained counter-offensive that the Morehouse alumni letter called an act of genocide against Palestinians. Brown’s email did not reference anything about the Middle East conflict.

The stakes were high for US lawmakers, who were unable to function in the wake of urgent issues such as the looming threat of the US government shut down as well as the Israel-Palestine conflict and the war in Ukraine. Johnson also once described homosexuality as "inherently unnatural" and a "dangerous lifestyle." "States have many legitimate grounds to proscribe same-sex deviate sexual intercourse," he wrote in a July 2003 op-ed. "I think that it would be a pretty big red flag if you asked your mate or your fiancé, 'Let's do a covenant marriage,' and they said they don't really want to do that," Kelly Johnson told the outlet.

He was first elected to represent Louisiana's 4th congressional district in 2016. During his time in Congress, he contested the results of the 2020 presidential election on the House floor and in court. Johnson was chair of the Republican Study Committee, the largest caucus of conservatives in Congress, from 2019 to 2021. Johnson, a relatively unknown 51-year-old congressman first elected in 2016, is a staunch social conservative and evangelical Christian who already served in party leadership as the vice chair of the House GOP conference. International Chapel.The speaker will be Reginald W. Sharpe Jr. '13, senior pastor of the Fellowship Missionary Baptist Church in Chicago, Illinois. Pastor Sharpe holds esteemed credentials as a charter member of the Academy of Preachers and an inductee into the Morehouse College Martin Luther King Jr.

Johnson, who represents a district in western Louisiana, was first elected to the House in 2016. He is a close ally of former President Donald Trump whose arguments formed the basis of many lawmakers' objections to the Electoral College results after the 2020 election. The vote makes Johnson the first speaker ever elected on the fourth ballot of an election. When speaker elections have gone to multiple ballots, no speaker has ever been elected on ballots four to eight. Wednesday morning, hours before an expected vote, Trump, the de facto leader of the Republican Party, said he wasn't technically endorsing Johnson but suggesting the House elect him.

He promised to quickly move forward on conservative priorities like support for Israel and border security. Most importantly, he was able to get all of their 220 votes to become speaker on the House floor. That’s something none of his more well-known colleagues were able to do, as Republicans struggled for more than three weeks to pick a replacement for ousted Kevin McCarthy.

Who Is Mike Johnson? New US Speaker of the House

Table Of Content

• Morehouse College Prepares for 135th Annual Commencement Ceremony
• His role in promoting 2020 election denial
• House speaker calls for Columbia University president's resignation amid ongoing protests
• Louisiana's Mike Johnson elected speaker of the U.S. House, ending weeks of chaos
• A Letter to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the President of the Senate
• Mike Johnson and the troubled history of recent Republican speakers

Additionally, he has contributed to academia as an adjunct professor in the Religion and Philosophy Department at the College. Since assuming leadership of Fellowship Chicago in December 2019, Pastor Sharpe has overseen remarkable growth, even amidst the challenges of the pandemic. Notably, he spearheaded #TheVirtualShip, a virtual extension of the church's ministry, engaging an average audience of 25,000 people weekly.

Morehouse College Prepares for 135th Annual Commencement Ceremony

By Tuesday afternoon, some Morehouse alumni were circulating an online letter that condemns the administration’s invitation to Biden and seeking signatures to pressure Morehouse President David Thomas to rescind it. The White House confirmed Tuesday that Biden would speak May 19 at the alma mater of civil rights icon Martin Luther King Jr., and then address the graduating class at the United States Military Academy at West Point on May 25. The visit came as college campuses continue to be roiled by protests and tensions related to the Israel-Hamas war.

His role in promoting 2020 election denial

His predecessor, Frederick Gillett of Massachusetts, also had the top job for less than five years. But when he left after the 1924 session, his party was still firmly in control and had just elected President Calvin Coolidge to a full term. The next two Republican speakers would be John Boehner, elevated to the job by the GOP recapture of the House in the "Tea Party" election of 2010. Boehner worked hard to fashion budget deals with both a Democratic President Barack Obama and a Democratic Senate. But his efforts alienated some in his own ranks who in 2015 formed an insurgent group known as the House Freedom Caucus. Increasingly exasperated with his untenable predicament, Boehner simply resigned in October of that year.

House speaker calls for Columbia University president's resignation amid ongoing protests

Johnson is close to Judiciary Committee Chairman Jim Jordan, who strategized with Trump on how to overturn his presidential defeat and lost his own bid for speaker earlier this week after moderates in the conference revolted. A constitutional lawyer and former member of the Louisiana state House, Johnson was first elected to the U.S. He is the first Louisianan to become speaker and the first Southerner to serve as speaker since Republican Newt Gingrich of Georgia in the 1990s. Free from the political baggage that can come with a higher profile, the affable Johnson, 51, promises to restore faith in Congress as he assumes the speakership under remarkable circumstances. He’s taking charge after three weeks of infighting, other failed candidacies and no action on legislation.

Who is House Speaker Mike Johnson? - The Hill

Who is House Speaker Mike Johnson?.

Posted: Wed, 25 Oct 2023 07:00:00 GMT [source]

Johnson, R-La., was nominated Tuesday after three previous nominees flamed out. He unified the fractious Republican Conference, winning votes from right-wing detractors of McCarthy, R-Calif., as well as centrist Republicans who opposed Rep. Jim Jordan, R-Ohio. Instead, he moved quickly to bring up a resolution expressing solidarity and support for Israel. His next order of business, he said, would be addressing what he called the country’s “broken border” with Mexico. He made no mention of the impeachment inquiry into President Biden, or of the impending government shutdown that will begin next month if Congress fails to pass legislation to keep the government funded.

Many of the protesters are demanding universities to divest financial holdings in Israel. At Columbia, demonstrators have taken over a portion of the New York City campus, creating an encampment. "If this is not contained quickly, and if these threats and intimidation are not stopped, there is an appropriate time for the National Guard," he said. Johnson, who also met with Jewish students before his remarks, said he planned to call President Biden later Wednesday to urge him to take action, adding that the National Guard may need to be deployed.

First, they are the most visible and authoritative spokesperson for the majority party in the House. Speakers articulate an agenda and explain legislative action to other Washington officials as well as the public. They oversee House committee assignments and collaborate with the powerful House Rules Committee to structure floor debate. Greene responded to accusations that her push would fuel more chaos for congressional Republicans by arguing that House Republicans would lose the majority in November if Johnson remained at the helm. "We need leaders in the House of Representatives that are gonna get this done," Greene said, holding up a red "Make America Great Again" hat.

Two colleagues had spoken up to say they would join Greene in such a vote, giving her enough to defeat the speaker if all the chamber's Democrats voted to do the same. That's what the Democrats did when a motion to vacate the chair ousted the last Republican speaker, Kevin McCarthy, last fall. After McCarthy was removed, the Republican conference held a closed-door, secret ballot vote for a new speaker nominee between Majority Leader Steve Scalise and right-wing Rep. Jim Jordan, which Scalise won. While not one of the highest-ranking members of Republican leadership in the House, Johnson currently serves as the vice chair of the Republican conference, having won election from his fellow GOP members. With less than seven years under his belt, Johnson has a shorter length of service in the House than past speakers in modern history.

Who Is Jim Jordan, the Conservative Vying for House Speaker? - Voice of America - VOA News

Who Is Jim Jordan, the Conservative Vying for House Speaker?.

Posted: Tue, 17 Oct 2023 07:00:00 GMT [source]

That group wrote an amicus brief to the Supreme Court in the Lawrence v. Texas case in which the court overturned state-level bans on same-sex intercourse. Like most of his GOP colleagues, Johnson voted against certifying the electoral college results from Arizona and Pennsylvania, even after a mob ransacked the Capitol on January 6, 2021. The Louisiana Republican became the party's nominee after House Majority Whip Tom Emmer's candidacy was derailed by former President Donald Trump, who called Emmer a "RINO" as dozens of hardliners made clear they were not ready to support his candidacy.

On Tuesday, ABC reporter Rachel Scott tried to ask Johnson whether he stood by those efforts, leading the Republicans gathered around him to drown out her question with laughter and booing. Capitol on January 6, 2021, Johnson voted against certifying Biden’s victory in two states. Johnson is a ardent supporter of former President Donald Trump and made multiple attempts to swing the results of the 2020 election following Trump’s loss to Joe Biden. Johnson’s controversial 2015 marriage bill failed, but the media attention surrounding it caught the eye of Tony Perkins, the president of the Family Research Council evangelical activist group. House seat representing Louisiana’s 4th Congressional District in 2016 and easily defeated Democratic candidate Marshall Jones with 65 percent of the vote.

Democratic leaders have indicated they are open to this, and it essentially repeats the strategy that allowed Johnson to pass the Ukraine portion of the aid bill earlier this month. He voted against bipartisan legislation to codify same-sex marriage, which Biden signed into law last year. Among the more conservative members of the GOP conference, Johnson has consistently opposed a woman’s right to abortion — “we will get the number of abortions to ZERO!! ” he posted on Twitter, now known as X, earlier this year, referencing the Supreme Court’s 2022 decision overturning the nationwide right to an abortion. He also opposed legislation last year that would require states to recognize same sex marriages that were legal where they were performed.

Since then, Stefanik has led the charge among Republicans, pushing for the resignation of the university leaders. The presidents of the University of Pennsylvania and Harvard have already resigned. And last week, Columbia's president became the latest to testify before Congress. University leaders have been toeing a line on how to express disdain about antisemitic language and enforce university policies while also allowing students to practice free speech, as they face accusations that colleges are not doing enough to protect Jewish students. And tensions have reached a fever pitch at some of the nation's most prestigious universities in recent days as the demonstrations have worn on. "I think it's a kinetic situation. And Hakeem and the entire Democrat leadership team endorsing Mike Johnson is going to cause a lot of people who weren't with us, to be with us," Massie said.

What is DesignOps? Improve your design workflow and operations

Table Of Content

• How Were DesignOps Definitions Analyzed?
• Building your design ops team
• What is DesignOps? The essentials of DesignOps
• Customer-Driven Strategy
• DesignOps in design organization

DesignOps practitioner Patrizia Bertini shared the observation she made in 2018 when working with international teams. The company faced rapid growth, and operational inefficiency caused a slowdown in the working speed and the entire production cycle. Designers spent up to 5 working days a month looking for research participants, and the lead time was lengthened to 4 weeks. To solve the issue, the DesignOps specialist implemented a participant search service.

How Were DesignOps Definitions Analyzed?

By removing this friction and confusion, everyone can act appropriately for the greater good. You create a culture where designers want to stay and grow their careers from purpose. A good employee experience will help HR find and attract top talent, expanding your design capabilities.

Why DesignOps Matters: How to Improve Your Design Processes - InfoQ.com

Why DesignOps Matters: How to Improve Your Design Processes.

Posted: Thu, 28 Jul 2022 07:00:00 GMT [source]

Building your design ops team

The Design Manager is responsible for developing products that are highly user-friendly and valuable for the buyer. ‘The back of the house’ refers to the tools and processes that help designers support the creation of an enhanced user experience. But, as Malouf summarizes, DesignOps is everything that supports the high quality of crafts, techniques, and processes. As you mature, you want to focus on high-level strategies and long-term goals. Ensuring design teams have the tools to grow and scale is crucial for every DesignOps team. Design is often considered a capability separate to the core of the business and it regularly ends up detached, unable to make the impact it’s capable of.

What is DesignOps? The essentials of DesignOps

Operations strategies include various initiatives for managing the day-to-day functioning of your business. They also ensure that your core processes are aligned with long-term company goals. Depending on your industry, they can include product management, supply chain, forecasting, and revenue operations strategies.

Laboratory Lighting: How Technology is Changing Design and Operations - Lab Manager Magazine

Laboratory Lighting: How Technology is Changing Design and Operations.

Posted: Wed, 31 May 2023 19:13:56 GMT [source]

But not every company or overstretched creative department is ready for the financial and organizational commitments DesignOps teams require. Their goal is to streamline design, remove any inefficiencies, and enable the designers to flow with the research they need, repeatable processes, and tools to succeed. DesignOps is the glue that holds the design organization together, and the bridge that enables collaboration among cross-disciplinary team members. These courses teach you how to create an inclusive work culture, prioritize diversity, and build an inclusive workspace, both in person and in remote work settings. Implement changes to tackle existing issues and regularly review them to understand the impact of these changes. Continuously gather feedback from team members and stakeholders to refine further.

The DesignOps tools you need to execute great design at scale

The interview can document the current design process, as perceived by both designers and nondesigners. Document design activities and methods used throughout the design process, tools and people involved at each step, and any quantitative metrics (e.g., typical time spent) that might pinpoint areas of waste and value. These metrics can be particularly useful when advocating for the elimination or addition of design activities, meetings, or tools. Before creating these teams, Cleave and his colleagues determined how they would define new roles, how to avoid organizational silos, and how to measure the success of the design ops program.

Stop guessing about your digital experience with LogRocket

Though we use the blanket terms “design” and “designer” throughout this discussion, DesignOps applies to anyone using user-centered and design-thinking processes to solve problems. The term “designer,” then, includes UX designers, user researchers, visual designers, content strategists, service designers, communication designers, and anyone else contributing to the end user experience. The four elements of operations strategy include capacity planning, supply chain optimization, quality control, and technology and innovation.

Increased efficiency

We often expect people to “just talk to each other,” but the bigger the organization, the harder it becomes to stay aligned. There’s hardly a better way to simplify designers’ lives than having a well-thought-through, documented, and up-to-date design system. In the end, taking the stress away from designers and letting them do what they do best is what DesignOps strives to achieve. Learn change management and system thinking, practice influencing and negotiation, enjoy failing and learning, and experiment as much as possible.

Before making changes to the existing workflows, document the same from project initiation to delivery. Identify areas where there can be a possible bottleneck or where there is room for improvement. When new members join the team, DesignOp’s responsibility is to ensure a smooth onboarding process by providing orientation, training, and access to relevant documentation and tools. It’s worth noting that there still seems to be a relatively low level of awareness of DesignOps, even among UXers and designers. Couple that problem with format and tool wars for what tools we already use, and it is incredibly difficult to be build software to be the glue between the tools and the system (the software that manages the software). For example, there is no real system for applying version control with object deployment with source material.

An operations strategy is essential for ensuring that all aspects of your business are working smoothly. DesignOps gives a creative team the tools to better integrate itself into the process of product development. The job title emphasizes the arrival of a new way of designing in a modern, mostly digital environment. Abbreviating the name from an existing development position highlights the shift in digital product design quite brilliantly.

Nowadays, it’s quite normal to expect a rudimental understanding of common code basis from a UX designer but until a couple of years ago it seemed like a rather novel idea. These are platforms and software for real-time and asynchronous communication among team members. There are a variety of apps serving different purposes, like messaging apps, ex. These tools facilitate information sharing and collaboration within organizations. As much as documentation is important, ensuring its proper maintenance, keeping track of all changes, and accessibility for all team members are also important.

What Is an Operations Strategy & Why You Need One

Table Of Content

• Why Is a Successful Operational Strategy Important
• Building your design ops team
• Improved efficiency
• ✔️ Onboard new team members
• Watch the Project Video
• Many Designers Still Aren’t Aware of DesignOps

According to a report by PwC, one in three customers will leave a business after just one bad customer experience. Unsurprisingly, the challenge to keep up with client expectations also accelerates product development life cycles. And, as teams try to keep up with a growing workload, there’s the risk of miscommunication among designers and between designers and developers. Although it’s perfectly fine to make taking care of the design process part of every designer or design manager, as the company matures, it might be worth considering getting a dedicated role, or even a whole team or department.

Why Is a Successful Operational Strategy Important

This is more than just tooling, but includes everything about an organization’s design. Designers are becoming increasingly isolated from each other when there is no main team or specialists work remotely. The DesignOps engineer structures teams with a full set of skills, defines the roles of the design department, creates communities where practitioners can share skills and interests, and organizes regular meetings for them. The data obtained will tell you how specialists evaluate the effectiveness of work processes, what the design gaps are, and what hinders them the most.

Building your design ops team

DesignOps means more than just design; they have more to do with a user-centric approach to design, which is crucial for UX/user research. Teams could no longer all fit on the same floor… Access to information, design standards, workstream collisions, and quality issues all became very real problems.” Excerpt from Adrian Cleave’s DesignOps at Airbnb article. I believe lasting change can only happen from the inside, so I embed myself within organisations to help structure, educate and systemise practices. This is just one of the many ways you can create an open communication flow among your team members. Working with the legal team to create NDAs and participant release forms that are used during user testing. Design with interactive components coming from your team’s design system.

Improved efficiency

As one person recently put it to me recently, DevOps was created as a way to remove QA and SysAdmin from the operations equation. Developers owned their own QA as well as given means and authority to deploy their code directly through to the delivery system(s). Similar unresolved issues often lead to burnout, slow product implementation, and poor design quality. Any web design agency that implements DesignOps into its processes eliminates these shortcomings, improving design and making its scaling easier. The DesignOps engineer organizes seminars and training for the career development of the design team.

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With the advent of agile, the importance of design got pushed to the fringes in favor of fast results and solutions, oftentimes neglecting to understand the underlying problems. Many DesignOps professionals and organizations share informative content on YouTube. Search for DesignOps-related channels and webinars to find valuable insights and discussions. Review the technical skill set of your team and whether they have the necessary skills to execute the workflow efficiently. And if there’s any lack, provide them with appropriate DesignOps training to plug the gap.

All effort aims to weave user centred design, outcome orientated thinking and scientific method into the way the business operates. Design Operations (or DesignOps) is the intentional operationalisation and optimisation of design. It focuses on designing the design practice and building a systematic framework that allows design to succeed at scale. It also explores how design can better integrate with an organisation to shape and build products that win. Some organizations might follow the Design Thinking process, while others might focus primarily on Google’s Design Sprints. While this approach might be effective if you’re a small team or an early-stage startup, bear in mind that it’s not a scalable approach.

For example, because design is emotional it means that it is already a fairly difficult deliverable to communicate accurately. Couple that with abstracted digital toolboxes, you will end up with a ton of misalignment between team members. When it comes to the design side of the equation there is nothing quite like it. Whether you’re looking for internships, entry level positions or team leadership positions, search with confidence and use the DesignOps community to garner extra insights. Request access to UXPin Merge and start prototyping with interactive UI elements that are a single source of truth between design and development.

It’s impossible for a single person or team to focus on all of these components at once. DesignOps teams and thinkers recognize and target areas of particular gravity for a specific context. Shifts are happening in the way designers work and interact with each other and other teams, and these shifts are shining a light on the necessity of DesignOps. All fields must figure out how to mitigate growing amounts of bureaucracy and overhead communications as they scale. The Utah campus marks an important milestone as the company builds on its ongoing expansion of customer capabilities and partnerships in the region. Draper has provided engineering services and technology development to the U.S.

If you take the time to set reasonable expectations, you can cut down on the number of irrelevant requests you receive. Design managers and design ops managers have some of the same responsibilities. For example, the design manager oversees team members and monitors workflows.

Team members have access to templates, frameworks, and reusable design elements, eliminating the need to start every task from scratch. This increases efficiency and gives team members more time to focus on adding value to the organization. It’s difficult to stay motivated when other people don’t understand the value of your work. If your company decides to use the design ops approach, you’ll be able to measure your impact using a variety of metrics.

As a growing area of interest, there can be some inconsistencies in how DesignOps is defined and described. However, a general consensus is that you can hire the best designers in the world, but without systems and operations to support them, there is still a potential for poor output. Ongoing measurement of these factors will help practitioners track and evaluate the impact of DesignOps tactics, pivot as needed, and continue to evolve the practice over time as design-team challenges and needs shift.

Start building prototypes by dragging and dropping real building blocks of your app and streamline design. From these initial designers, you then scale to a full team of five to seven people that include content strategy and communication design. Fluidity is also essential within DesignOps to understand and anticipate evolving design needs.

A major part of design operations is connecting with other capabilities and departments to better integrate working practice. Rather than designing upfront and then passing work through lengthy gated processes, I work to grant autonomy or get the right input and approval at the right time. The customer expects companies to be single entities working in unity, I work to make this a reality while keeping everyone focused on their needs. The number of challenges that companies face today is growing; customers become more demanding, new products are launched faster, while product life cycles shorten. Not only will it improve your design workflow, but it will also let designers focus on what they do best i.e. design digital products. For starters, both business and user requirements are becoming more complex (which also means that clients are also becoming more unforgiving).

The four perspectives of operations strategies include the top-down, bottom-up, market perspective, and competitors perspective. The top-down approach comes from senior management, while the bottom-up approach focuses on insights from operational staff. The market perspective aligns needs with demand from customers, while the competitors’ perspective considers your company in the context of the broader industry landscape.

In the end the goal is exactly to do what is necessary to amplify the value of your design team and its perception as valuable in your organization. Be as intentional in your design and execution of your design operations as you would about any other part of your organization that you expect to gain value from. Their job is to create a stakeholder map in your organization, and couple that with a culture map. Then based on objectives, create new versions of how the flow of information and artifacts need to occur. In so doing, they will design the feng shui that is ideal for your needs. Of course, there is no idea, so experiments based on strong hypotheses are created and experiments are monitors for results.

This way, your team can focus more time on the actual design and maintain consistency with the coded product. While this approach might still work well for some teams, it is unproductive at scale. Here’s where DesignOps comes in, helping orchestrate teamwork and building clear structure and roles.

House of M Event Fandom

Table Of Content

• How does House of M fit into the Marvel Universe?
• Issue #7
• Issue #5
• Recommended Series
• Issue #1
• The Avengers and X-Men fight to restore a reality gone mad!

The events of the storyline were later indicated to have occurred on Earth-58163. After enduring a less than pleasant security check from Hawkeye, Wolverine realizes that the Red Guard has followed the tracking chip that Hawkeye just removed from his neck. The room explodes and Wolverine's teammates storm the underground headquarters. In the middle of the battle, Cloak teleports everyone he can to the Kingpin's office, which he knew would be empty.

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How does House of M fit into the Marvel Universe?

The rest of the group decides that they must talk to Wanda in person before making their decision. In this world, Magneto was attacked by Sentinels in Manhattan in 1979 (taking advantage of Marvel's sliding timescale policy, no heroes were active in the 1970s). At the end of the attack, Magneto revealed an alleged international anti-mutant conspiracy involving Richard M. Nixon. As a result, Magneto was granted sovereignty of the island of Genosha as the leader of the world's mutants. Another result was that the protection of mutant life was judged to be the first worry of all laws (as a result, stem cell research on mutant embryos is illegal, but stem cell research on altered human embryos is permitted).

Issue #7

Meanwhile, Xavier arranges a meeting of the Avengers, the X-Men, and several lone heroes at Avengers Tower to decide the fate of Wanda Maximoff. Emma Frost concludes that killing Wanda is the only way to end her destructive magic. Captain America argues that the group should seek alternate methods of dealing with Wanda, including suppression of her powers and her insanity.

Issue #5

And of course, the Skrulls have played a key role in the MCU since their debut in Captain Marvel, including impersonating Nick Fury while he works on some kind of apparent space station. This event, called 'M-Day,' has colored X-Men stories for years since, with the direct ramifications still playing out in the 'Dawn of X' era, where mutants can be resurrected and their powers restored by powerful rituals and science. In the House of M reality, Magneto's eponymous 'house' includes Pietro, Wanda, Wanda's sons William and Thomas, and Magneto's other daughter Lorna Dane/Polaris.

Recommended Series

The Avengers come together to try to make sense of what happened that night, only to be confronted by a distraught Doctor Strange, who states that the "House of M" timeline really took place, and its effects are slowly being felt on a wider scale. Investigating, they find Hawkeye's uniform pinned to a wall with his arrows, suggesting Hawkeye is alive. Back in Genosha, Magneto receives representatives from around the world to commemorate the mutant triumph over humanity. The heroes attack Magneto and his family directly, while Cloak, Emma Frost, Doctor Strange, and Layla search for Xavier. They find a gravestone with Xavier's name, but Cloak discovers nobody buried beneath it. There are some clear potential answers to how incorporating aspects of House of M could play out in the MCU.

Issue #1

"House of M" is a 2005 comic book storyline published by Marvel Comics, consisting of an eight-issue comic book limited series with a number of crossover tie-in books written by Brian Michael Bendis and illustrated by Olivier Coipel. Its first issue appeared in June 2005 as a follow-up to the events of the Planet X and Avengers Disassembled storylines. The Scarlet Witch, her twin brother Quicksilver, and Magneto play major roles in the series. Like the Age of Apocalypse (1995–1996) storyline, House of M replaced the Earth-616 as the main reality for a brief time until Scarlet Witch reverted it to normal.

The Avengers and X-Men fight to restore a reality gone mad!

Captain America, however, argues that the group should seek alternate methods of dealing with Wanda including suppression of her powers and her insanity. The X-Men argue that if word about Wanda and her destructive powers gets out, it will set back human-mutant relations by centuries. As the conversation progresses, it is revealed that Professor X asked Doctor Strange to help Wanda, but unfortunately neither was strong enough to combat her magic. Wolverine speaks up, saying that there is no other way -- Wanda must be killed. The rest of the group, however, decides that they must talk to Wanda in person before making their decision.

After this revelation, Emma Frost tells Strange to ask about the fate of Charles Xavier, but before he can Wanda is struck in the back by an arrow. The heroes can only guess what has caused the majority of the mutant population to lose their powers. Xavier is still missing, and Cerebro and Doctor Strange are unable to detect the Scarlet Witch. Hank Pym warns that all these powers could not simply vanish, but are contained somewhere and that because every action has an equal and opposite reaction, the question remains as to what the reaction to these events will be. At the Xavier Institute for Higher Learning, most of the students lose their mutant abilities.

While the chaos ensues, the Scarlet Witch disappears from the battlefield only to be discovered by Doctor Strange in a tower with her children. The two begin to talk as Doctor Strange attempts to discover the origin of the madness that is happening. Wanda reveals the answer to him in a flashback from when Quicksilver confronted Magneto about the fate of Wanda.

An incredulous Luke Cage asks how did Magnus know what they wanted; Wolverine simply states that Charles Xavier, whom Magneto had kidnapped prior to the final transition into the House of M, would have the power to ascertain these desires. When Wolverine questions if the group believes his story, they say that yes, they do. Questioning why they believe him so easily when his story is so fantastic, Wolverine is presented with young Layla Miller, a mutant girl in the alternate world who awoke that morning to realize she had the power to show people the real world. Wolverine decides that the best way to proceed is to get all his former teammates together to kill Magneto and the rest of the House of M. Wolverine and the resistance then arrive, via Cloak's transporting power, at Emma Frost's home; Wolverine asks the young girl known as Layla Miller to "enlighten" Ms. Frost, just as she had previously done with Luke Cage. It is still unknown why Layla remembers the world before the change, but it is believed she is a mutant with the ability to see alterations in reality.

She learns the number of mutants in the world has dropped from millions to a few hundred. Spider-Man is distraught and angry with the fact that he still has memories of being married to Gwen Stacy and having a child together. Meanwhile, Wolverine awakens remembering everything about his past.[5] The X-Men fly to Genosha looking for Magneto and his children. They find Magneto is also powerless and does not know where Wanda or Quicksilver have gone.

And how do these questions relate to the just-released WandaVision trailer, and what that show could mean for mutants in the MCU? These are mysteries Newsarama will solve right now, as we unpack the multiversal mutant madness that is House of M – a 2005 crossover event that gave mutants their own kingdom long before Krakoa (their current living mutant island sovereign nation), and almost drove them to extinction as a result. Meanwhile, the 'awakened' heroes travel to the S.H.I.E.L.D. helicarrier where Emma Frost uses her mental powers to commandeer a vehicle to take them to Genosha. While there, Cyclops informs the team that since the upcoming battle with Magneto may be the most important battle of their lifetimes, no one should restrict themselves or hold back in the least. This causes Jessica Drew to object -- if Magneto has given each of them everything they've ever wanted in this illusion, shouldn't they be content to just live in his world? The trade paperbacks collect many of the issues involved with the House of M storyline.

Given all of that, there's a great chance that Wanda's powers will evolve to full-on manipulation of reality, and that her comic book origin as a mutant - something not shared by her MCU counterpart who gets her powers from an Infinity Stone – could come into play in the MCU another way over the course of WandaVision. It all backfires, however, when the Avengers and X-Men begin debating on whether they should kill Wanda, in fear of her powers going haywire and killing more people. But her brother, Pietro Maximoff/Quicksilver, relays news of the plan to Magneto, who secrets his daughter away, where she casts a spell that rewrites all of reality, creating a new world ruled by mutants with Magneto and his dynasty at the top – the titular House of M. Mutants are born with these abilities – though most don't manifest their powers, which can be anything from telekinesis to weather control, to full-on reality manipulation, until their teens. Because of these powers, mutants have historically been hunted and feared by baseline humans, nearly to extinction. Considered by some in the Marvel Universe to be the next evolution of humankind, mutants (also known as 'homo superior') are born with a so-called X-gene that gives each mutant their own unique superpower.

Secondly, he wanted to be acknowledged as a heroic figure and the rightful leader of all mutant-kind (hence the disappearance of Charles Xavier and the timing of Magneto's rise to dominance before other superheroes had appeared on the scene to challenge him). And thirdly, a massive speeding-up of the natural evolution of Homo sapiens into Homo superior; until, by the modern era, they accounted for almost 50% of the global population, providing him with a power base sufficient to take over the governments of the world and use them to oppress baseline humans. Having illuminated Emma Frost, the resistance movement then contacts various heroes, including Cyclops, Shadowcat, Spider-Man, Rogue, Mystique, Nightcrawler, Toad, She-Hulk and Daredevil.

Chapter 7 Improving Precision and Power: Blocked Designs Statistical Design and Analysis of Biological Experiments

Table Of Content

• 6 Balanced incomplete block designs
• Want to Pass Your Six Sigma Exam the First Time through?
• Other Aspects of the RCBD
• Chapter 7 Improving Precision and Power: Blocked Designs
• 7 - Incomplete Block Designs

In practice, it is notalways possible or preferable to have thesame number of subjects in all groups of the treatment variable(s).18,19 The block randomization procedure with groups of different sizesis only slightly different. As before, first, blocks of samples whereeach group is proportionally represented are created. For example,if one group is twice as large as the other group, each block wouldconsist of three subjects, one of the smaller group and two of thelarger group (Figure ​Figure33A).

6 Balanced incomplete block designs

The randomization scheme is then exactly as before, exceptthat half of the randomized blocks are now assigned to BatchA, and the other half to Batch B. In an orthogonal design, such as a RCBD, all information about the treatment comparisons is contained in comparisons made within blocks. For more complex blocking structures, such as incomplete block designs, this is not the case. If the number of times treatments occur together within a block is equal across the design for all pairs of treatments then we call this a balanced incomplete block design (BIBD). In general, we are faced with a situation where the number of treatments is specified, and the block size, or number of experimental units per block (k) is given.

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Want to Pass Your Six Sigma Exam the First Time through?

In this experiment, each specimen is called a “block”; thus, we have designed a more homogenous set of experimental units on which to test the tips. The next thing you need to do after you determine your blocking factors is allocate your observations into blocks. To simplify things, we will assume that you have one main blocking factor that you want to balance over. A non-blocked way to run this experiment would be to run each of the twelve experimental wafers, in random order, one per furnace run. That would increase the experimental error of each resistivity measurement by the run-to-run furnace variability and make it more difficult to study the effects of the different dosages. The blocked way to run this experiment, assuming you can convince manufacturing to let you put four experimental wafers in a furnace run, would be to put four wafers with different dosages in each of three furnace runs.

Other Aspects of the RCBD

The latin square design removes both between-litter and between-cage variation from the drug comparisons. For three drugs, this design requires three litters of three mice each, and three cages. Crossing litters and cages results in one mouse per litter in each cage. The drugs are then randomized on the intersection of litters and cages (i.e., on mice) such that each drug occurs once in each cage and once in each litter. Contrasts are defined exactly as for our previous designs, but their estimation is based only on the intra-block information if the estimated marginal means are calculated from the ANOVA model. Estimates and confidence intervals then differ between ANOVA and linear mixed model results, and the latter should be preferred.

3.2 Defining a Balanced Incomplete Block Design

Blackboxes (left) indicate Placebo, red boxes (right)indicate Treatment. The “true abundance”is what would have been measured without the machine drift (Figure ​Figure11, second row). The“ordered allocation”, “complete randomization”,and “block randomization” is as depicted in Figure ​Figure11D, H, and L, respectively. Interpretation of the coefficients of the corresponding models, residualanalysis, etc. is done “as usual.” The only difference is that we do not test theblock factor for statistical significance, but for efficiency.

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We consider this case later, but it does not change the test for a treatment effect. Another way to think about this is that a complete replicate of the basic experiment is conducted in each block. In this case, a block represents an experimental-wide restriction on randomization. Often in medical studies, the blocking factor used is the type of institution. This provides a very useful blocking factor, hopefully removing institutionally related factors such as size of the institution, types of populations served, hospitals versus clinics, etc., that would influence the overall results of the experiment. The final step in the blocking process is allocating your observations into different treatment groups.

Chapter 7 Improving Precision and Power: Blocked Designs

However, this method of constructing a BIBD using all possible combinations, does not always work as we now demonstrate. If the number of combinations is too large then you need to find a subset - - not always easy to do. As an example, let's take any 3 columns from a 4 × 4 Latin Square design. If you look at how we have coded data here, we have another column called residual treatment.

Summary

The same logic applies to keeping columns and replicating rows, of course. The two experiments in Figure 7.14B illustrate this design for a two-fold replication of the \(3\times 3\) latin square, where we use six litters instead of three, but keep using the same three cages in both replicates. In the top part of the panel, we do not impose any new restrictions on the allocation of drugs and only require that each drug occurs the same number of times in each cage, and that each drug is used with each litter. In particular, the first three columns do not form a latin square in themselves. This design is called a , and its experiment structure is shown in Figure 7.15A with model specification y ~ drug + Error(cage+litter) or y ~ drug + (1|cage)+(1|litter). The use of blocking in experimental design has an evolving history that spans multiple disciplines.

A block is characterized by a set of homogeneous plots or a set of similar experimental units. In agriculture a typical block is a set of contiguous plots of land under the assumption that fertility, moisture, weather, will all be similar, and thus the plots are homogeneous. The first step of implementing blocking is deciding what variables you need to balance across your treatment groups. We should keep in mind that variance components are harder to estimate than averages, and estimates based on low replication are imprecise. This is not a problem if our goal is removal of variation from treatment contrasts, but sufficient replication is necessary if estimation of variance components is a primary goal of the experiment. Sample size determination for variance component estimation is covered in more specialized texts.

However, as for allmethods, implementing block randomization can quickly become challengingin real-world situations. In this section, special considerationsare introduced for situations where the reality of the experimentposes challenges in experimental design. Examples of block randomization.(A) 16 subjects receiving placebo(black, subjects 1–16) and eight treatment (red, subjects 17–24),results in eight blocks of three subjects, each containing two Placebo and one Treatment. Theblock containing three subjects is randomly placed among the otherblocks. Subjects are randomly assigned to a block and the order ofthe subjects within each block is randomized.

Ok, with this scenario in mind, let's consider three cases that are relevant and each case requires a different model to analyze. The cases are determined by whether or not the blocking factors are the same or different across the replicated squares. The treatments are going to be the same but the question is whether the levels of the blocking factors remain the same.

This effectively removes the variation captured by the blocking factor from any treatment comparisons. If experimental units are more similar within the same group than between groups, then this strategy can lead to substantial increase in precision and power, without increasing the sample size. The price we pay is slightly larger organizational effort to create the groups, randomize the treatments independently within each group, and to keep track of which experimental unit belongs to which group for the subsequent analysis. It is straightforward to extend an RCBD from a single treatment factor to factorial treatment structures by crossing the entire treatment structure with the blocking factor. Each block then contains one full replicate of the factorial design, and the required block size rapidly increases with the number of factors and factor levels. In practice, only smaller factorials can be blocked by this method since heterogeneity between experimental units often increases with block size, diminishing the advantages of blocking.

Chapter 3 Blocking MATH3014-6027 Design and Analysis of Experiments

Table Of Content

• Model
• 2.3 Contrasts
• 3.7 Reference Designs
• Block Randomization When Designing Proteomics
• 3 Incomplete Block Designs

Even though Latin Square guarantees that treatment A occurs once in the first, second and third period, we don't have all sequences represented. It is important to have all sequences represented when doing clinical trials with drugs. If we only have two treatments, we will want to balance the experiment so that half the subjects get treatment A first, and the other half get treatment B first. For example, if we had 10 subjects we might have half of them get treatment A and the other half get treatment B in the first period. After we assign the first treatment, A or B, and make our observation, we then assign our second treatment. There are 23 degrees of freedom total here so this is based on the full set of 24 observations.

Model

The function bibd generates BIBDs for given values of \(t\), \(b\), \(r\), \(k\) and \(\lambda\), or returns a message that a design is not available for those values. The box plots within each plot in Figure 3.1 are comparable, as every treatment has occured with every block the same number of times (once). For example, when we compare the box plots for treatments 1 and 3, we know each of then display one observation from each block. Therefore, differences between treatments will not be influenced by large differences between blocks. By eye, it appears here there may be differences between coating 3 and the other three coatings.

2.3 Contrasts

The blocking factor is then random, and we are not interested in contrasts involving its levels, for example, but rather use the blocking factor to increase precision and power by removing parts of the variation from treatment contrasts. To be effective, blocking requires that we find some property by which we can group our experimental units such that variances within each group are smaller than between groups. Given the multidimensionaland multidisciplinary nature of modern omics projects, it is essentialthat experts with the necessary expertise are involved early in theexperimental design, to prevent confounding effects. Finally, whileconsiderations of power are beyond the scope of this article, it cannotbe stressed enough that an adequate number of samples is paramount,both for correct experimental design and to ensure that the researchquestions can be answered.

3.7 Reference Designs

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But if some of the cows are done in the spring and others are done in the fall or summer, then the period effect has more meaning than simply the order. Although this represents order it may also involve other effects you need to be aware of this. A Case 3 approach involves estimating separate period effects within each square. Use the viewlet below to walk through an initial analysis of the data (cow_diets.mwx | cow_diets.csv) for this experiment with cow diets.

A balanced incomplete block design allows blocking of simple treatment structures if only a subset of treatments can be accommodated in each block. The latin square design requires identical number of levels for the row and column factors. We can use two blocking factors with a balanced incomplete block design to reduce the required number of levels for one of the two blocking factors. These designs are called Youden squares and only use a fraction of the treatment levels in each column (resp. row) and the full set of treatments in each row (resp. column). The idea was first proposed by Youden for studying inoculation of tobacco plants against the mosaic virus (Youden 1937), and his experiment layout is shown in Figure 7.16.

Otherwise, block-to-block differences may bias treatment comparisons and/or inflate our estimate of the background variability and hence reduce our ability to detect important treatment effects. To address nuisance variables, researchers can employ different methods such as blocking or randomization. Blocking involves grouping experimental units based on levels of the nuisance variable to control for its influence. Randomization helps distribute the effects of nuisance variables evenly across treatment groups.

3 Incomplete Block Designs

In this experiment, we are interested in contrasting the plates on the same patients, not the patients themselves. The ten plates are then the treatment factor levels, and each patient is a block to which we assign plates. The previous examples includedtwo groups of subjects where thetreatment was assumed to be the only difference, and where all samplescould be processed at the same time.

Effectively, such a design uses a single blocking factor, where each level is a combination of lab and litter. We continue with our example of how three drug treatments in combination with two diets affect enzyme levels in mice. To keep things simple, we only consider the low fat diet for the moment, so the treatment structure only contains Drug with three levels. Our aim is to improve the precision of contrast estimates and increase the power of the omnibus \(F\)-test. To this end, we arrange (or block) mice into groups of three and randomize the drugs separately within each group, such that each drug occurs once per group. Ideally, the variance between animals in the same group is much smaller than between animals in different groups.

After that, the observational units from each block are evenly allocated into treatment groups in a way such that each treatment group is allocated similar numbers of observational units from each block. So what types of variables might you need to balance across your treatment groups? Blocking is most commonly used when you have at least one nuisance variable. A nuisance variable is an extraneous variable that is known to affect your outcome variable that you cannot otherwise control for in your experiment design. If nuisance variables are not evenly balanced across your treatment groups then it can be difficult to determine whether a difference in the outcome variable across treatment groups is due to the treatment or the nuisance variable. By extension, note that the trials for any K-factor randomized block design are simply the cell indices of a k dimensional matrix.

For example, suppose researchers want to understand the effect that a new diet has on weight less. The explanatory variable is the new diet and the response variable is the amount of weight loss. Four possible (ordered) batch compositionswith four groups anda batch size of three. Each celltype occurs in a batch alongside each other cell type exactly twice.

Another application of reference designs is the screening of several new treatments against a standard treatment. In this case, selected treatments might be compared among each other in a subsequent experiment, and removal of unpromising candidates in the first round might reduce these later efforts. However, a nuisance variable that will likely cause variation is gender. It’s likely that the gender of an individual will effect the amount of weight they’ll lose, regardless of whether the new diet works or not.

The foundational concepts of blocking date back to the early 20th century with statisticians like Ronald A. Fisher. His work in developing analysis of variance (ANOVA) set the groundwork for grouping experimental units to control for extraneous variables. An example layout of this design is shown in Figure 7.14A, where the two blocking factors are given as rows and columns.

And within each of the two blocks, we can randomly assign the patients to either the diet pill (treatment) or placebo pill (control). By blocking on sex, this source of variability is controlled, therefore, leading to greater interpretation of how the diet pills affect weight loss. Once the data are recorded, we are interested in quantifying how ‘good’ the blocking performed in the experiment. This information would allow us to better predict the expected residual variance for a power analysis of our next experiment and to determine if we should continue using the blocking factor.

House of M 2005 Comic Series

Table Of Content

• Issue #3
• Secret Wars (
• Recommended Series
• Issue #7

It turns out that Quicksilver himself was the one responsible for the creation of the alternate world, suggesting to Wanda to make everyone happy in an almost-perfect world. After this revelation, Emma Frost tells Doctor Strange to ask about the fate of Charles Xavier. Incidentally, those twins are seen as infants in the trailer (seen below) - remember, it's their supposed 'deaths' that set off the entire chain of events leading to House of M.

Issue #3

A host of other Marvel heroes appear in altered roles, including an aging Steve Rogers, a non-magical Doctor Strange, and most importantly Wolverine – who actually appears as his core reality self with his powers, personality, and memories intact. Unable to find Professor X, Wolverine goes looking for Spider-Man and Tony Stark. He is confronted by his "teammates" in the Red Guard, elite mutant soldiers of S.H.I.E.L.D. Wolverine escapes and finds the Human Resistance Movement led by Luke Cage. Cage has gathered other non-mutant crime-fighters to protect humans from the House of M's abuses of power. Wolverine is shocked to see one of the members is Clint Barton (Hawkeye), a hero who had died in the real world.

Secret Wars (

Those heroes have since gotten better – but House of M also kicked off a web of interconnected event stories in which the heroes of the Marvel Universe were sent to ground as villains, divided, destroyed, and invaded. In 2004, Marvel Comics was looking to revitalize its Avengers franchise, which was flagging after a few years topping the charts thanks to still classic stories from creators such as Kurt Busiek, George Perez, Geoff Johns, Olivier Coipel, and many others. To do so, they tapped then up-and-coming writer Brian Michael Bendis, who was a few years into a high-profile relaunch of the entire Spider-Man mythos in the alt-universe Ultimate Spider-Man at the time. To explain House of M, you have to start at the events that led to it – starting with the destruction of the Avengers. Attempting to make sense of the strange world he finds himself in, Wolverine first seeks Professor X at the Xavier Institute for Higher Learning. He finds, however, a family who has lived in the mansion for fifteen years and who have no recollection of any Charles Xavier.

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The battle between the House of M and the heroes continues with great ferocity. While the chaos ensues, the Scarlet Witch disappears from the battlefield only to be discovered by Dr. Strange in a tower with her children. The two begin to talk as Dr. Strange attempts to discover the origin of the madness that is happening. Wanda reveals the answer to him in a flashback to the beginning when Quicksilver is confronting Magneto about the fate of Wanda. It turns out that Quicksilver himself was the one responsible for the creation of the alternate world, conspiring with Wanda to make everyone happy in an almost perfect world.

Suddenly the Scarlet Witch appears, stopping Magneto and returning her brother to healthy form. She begins to lash out saying, "We're freaks, Mutants... you chose this over us and you ruined us..." Then, with four words, "Daddy... No More Mutants", things begin to break down and everything burns out to white once again. Wanda Maximoff, also known as the Scarlet Witch, is surrounded by friends and family while giving birth. Her attending physician, Doctor Strange, hands Wanda her newborn twins and declares the birth a great success. At Wanda's side is her husband, The Vision, who is very proud of his wife and children.

Each storyline/paperback contains a mostly standalone side story and can be read individually without any continuity problems. Wolverine and the Human Resistance awaken many heroes to the truth, including Cyclops, Spider-Man, Shadowcat, Doctor Strange, Iron Man, She-Hulk, Daredevil, Rogue, Mystique, Nightcrawler, Toad, and Spider-Woman. Hawkeye becomes distraught over learning of his death and briefly leaves the group. Wanda Maximoff, also known as the Scarlet Witch, is living on the devastated island of Genosha under the care of Professor Charles Xavier and her father (at the time) Magneto. Professor X informs Magneto that his telepathic powers will no longer be enough to hold back Wanda's reality-warping abilities and that a permanent solution must be found.

As Layla awakened the heroes Rogue, being distraught and confused, touched Layla; the power appeared overwhelming for Rogue as it emanated from her and awakened others in the vicinity. Hawkeye, unable to handle reliving his own death, flees the group, and is seen again in The Pulse #10 acknowledging his own death. The group considers reawakening Captain America, but appears to decide against it, seeing that, in this reality, Steve Rogers was never frozen during World War II, is now roughly in his early eighties, and thus unable to aid them in the fight against Magneto.

Issue #5

Wolverine then sets out to find either Peter Parker or Tony Stark, the Iron Man. However, when he reaches the lobby of Stark Tower, he is stopped by his teammates in the elite Red Guards. He escapes, but is promptly contacted by his former New Avengers teammate, Luke Cage, when he is transported to the hideout of the "Human Resistance Movement" by Cloak.

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The heroes begin visiting the Avengers and X-Men in their new lives as Layla awakens their true memories. The implication of WandaVision's story from the brief trailer is that there is a reality-warping component to the show – something that would explain the rapidly changing setting, the presence of Kat Denning's Darcy, and potentially even the House of M Easter egg. After failing to convince the X-Men that they're trapped in an alt-reality – something they've experienced all too frequently – he turns to Luke Cage, Hawkeye (who is back to life in the House of M reality), and the human resistance, who wish to overthrow mutant rulership. Wolverine awakens them to the truth of their warped reality, and the group finally manages to convince some of the X-Men to join them – though not without plenty of cuts and bruises along the way. When the dust clears, Wanda is in bad shape in the hands of Magneto (then believed to be her father, in comic books – it's still not exactly clear what the deal is), with Professor X of the X-Men attempting to use his psychic powers to help her deal with her trauma.

What they saw when they came there was Hawkeye's uniform and an article written by Kat Farell publicizing his death, leaving tears and a great sense of pride among his former teammates. Together with the Avengers, they tried making sense of what happened that night -- some of them remember, some don't -- only to be confronted by a distraught Doctor Strange bringing in the fact that the House of M really took place and its effects are slowly being felt on a wider scale. New York was back to normal when Layla Miller woke up from what she thinks must have been a lucid dream where she played an important part.

Back in Genosha, a distraught Quicksilver rushes to Magneto and reveals that he was just in New York where he heard that the X-Men and Avengers are planning on killing Wanda. Quicksilver falls to the floor sobbing and Magneto glances over at his sleeping daughter. Or perhaps sending them to a different universe altogether – something Spider-Man may need help with to make it over to Sony's Marvel Universe down the road (remember, as of the end of Far From Home, his secret identity has been exposed and he's been accused of murder). That led Osborn to turn the Avengers and other heroes into criminals while forming his own Avengers, composed of some of the team's arch-enemies taking on the mantles of their heroic counterparts, such as Bullseye as Hawkeye – culminating in the death of Loki and the destruction of Asgard, along with Osborn's defeat.

As Magneto is defeated, Scarlet Witch lashes out again, raging against both the manipulation by her father and by the marginalized status mutants experience in the real world. Deciding to end the whole thing once-and-for-all, Wanda casts one final spell – her most dire and destructive yet. Mutants have been a part of Marvel Comics lore since 1963, when Stan Lee and Jack Kirby introduced the X-Men - a team who have gone on to become some of the publisher's most enduring characters. In fact, Scarlet Witch was one of the earliest mutants created, debuting as a villain alongside Magneto in X-Men #4. Back at the Stark Tower, the Avengers sought possible explanations from whatever useful sort of media report they could get when they are interrupted by an abrupt appearance of someone in the Mansion's ruins.